DSS Education

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease refer to inflammation caused by an infection in the upper genital tract.This happen when infection when infection spread From the lower reproductive tract I.e.vaginaand cervix to the upper reproductive tract I.e.uterus, ovaries and fallopian tube. It includes infection of: 1)Endometrium-Endometritis . 2)Oviducts-Salpingitis,most common PID. 3)Uterine wall -Myometritis. 4)Uterine serosa and broad ligament-parametritis. 5Pelvic peritoneum. Causative organisms: Usually a polymicrobial infection N.gonorrhea,C.Trachomaatics- more commen Other-E.coli, Streptococcus, klebsiella, Anaerobic bacteria.... Pathology- Pelvic infection are acute not Chronic; results from ascending infection from the bacteria flora of the vagina and cervix in more than 99%of cases.This ascending infection occurs along the mucosal surface,where the bacteria colonize and infect the endometrium and fallopian tube.The process sometimes extended to the surface of the ova...

Cervical Erosion is a condition where squamous epithelium of the ectocervix is replaced by columnar epithelium which is continuous with the endocervix. Cause- 1)Oral contraceptives pill  2)Congenital 3)Hormonal changes: fluctuations in hormones levels during reproductive age. 4)Pregnancy: Being pregnant may also cause cervical ectropion due to the change in hormones levels. 5)Chronic cervicitis. Pathology- Cervix has different type of cell on the outside (vagina portion) than it done on the inside (the cervical canal). Normally, columnar epithelium cell (soft cell) are present inside of cervix whereas squamous epithelium cell (hard cell ) outside the cervix.When these columnar epithelium cell appear on the outside the cervix,they get contact with squamous epithelium cell and from a transformation zone or the stratified squamous epithelium. Cervical Erosion is not a harmful conditions and don't usually have any medical complications.It is not related to cance...

Normally uterus reamins in anteverted and anteflexed position,held inside pelvics with various muscle, tissue, and ligament. Because of pregnancy, childbirth or difficult labour and delivery,in some women these muscle weaken. Also ,as a woman ages and with a natural loss of the hormones oestrogen, uterus can into the vaginal canal, causing the condition known as a prolapsed uterus or uterine prolapse. Support of uterus- A) Primary support of uterus 1) Mechanical support-             Uterine Axis             Angel of anteversion              Angel of anteflexion  2) Mechanical support             Pelvic diaphragm              Perineal body              Urogenital diaphragm 3) Fibromuscular support               Pubrocervi...

Fibroid uterus are benign tumors that originate in the uterus with the some smooth muscle fibres of the uterus Wall,but they are much denser than normal myometrium.Uterus fibroid are usually round. Fibroid are the most benign solid tumors in females. It is the most common pelvic tumors. Most common age groups affected is 35 to 45 years. Fibroid are most commonly seen in nulliparity female. Structural of fibroid- 1)Fibroid is well circumscribed tumors with a pseudocapsule which is formed by compressed adjacent myometrium. 2)The blood vessels supplying the fibroid lie in the capsule and run radially so that the centre is the least vascular and peripheral is the most vascular part of the fibroid. 3)Calcification begin from the peripheral of fibroid and degeneration begin from the centre. 4)Most fibroid are slow growing. Cause and incidence of uterine fibroid-- 1)Fibroid are monoclonal tumors. 2)Genetics abnormalities 3)Alternation in growth ...

Definition The presence and growth of functioning endometrial tissue (gland and stroma) outside the uterine cavity is called endometriosis. Endometriosis The most common site of occurrence is ovary (known as Endometrioma)and then pouch of Douglas.It can occus anywhere in the body including abdominal wall, lungs,pleura,brain and arm but usually occurs in pelvic area-fallopian tube,overy etc. Normally endometrial tissue contains gland,blood cells,connective tissue and grows in the uterus,to prevent the lining of the womb for ovulation, During menstruation, these tissues expelled out as normal physiological processes but in endometriosis due to displace tissue cannot do this. Common site- ovaries Follopian tube Peritoneum Lymph nodes Pouch of Douglas Abdominal scar following hysterotomy Uterosacral ligament Sigmoid colon Cause- Reflux of menstrual flow Embryonic cell growth Fetal development Surgical scar Endometriomal cell transport Genetics Hormones i...

Also known as cystic glandular hyperplasia or Schroeder's disease. It is specialised from of DUB. In the condition the endometrium is thick and one or the other ovary contains cystic follicle. It is most prevalent in women over 40yr and max between 40 to 45 yrs. It may prevalent in over below 20 yrs. Parity is not related to its incidence. Symptoms Most common complaint is amenorrhoea followed by continuous vaginal bleeding last for many weeks. Bleeding is always painless since it is anovulatory. Typical menstrual history Type-1 in 50% cases continue vaginal bleeding is preceded by amenorrhoea of about 8 to 10 weeks Types-2 In some patient bleeding follow normal pattern and occurs at the time of expected Type-3  bleeding may be preceded by menorrhagia. Differential diagnosis Ectopic he station Abortion Gestational trophoblastic disease Fibroid uterus Endometrial cancer Thyroid abnormalities PID , Endometriosis Emdometrial TB PCOS Trea...

It affects 22-30%of women and common in day to day clinical practice. Diagnosis of DUB is usually made by exclusion of organic disease of the genital tract or systemic organic disease. DUB is a groups of disorders characterized by dusfunction of any part of the reproductive system (uterus, ovary) or pituitary, hypothalamus, higher centres . Definition-  It is regular excessive bleeding that occurs in the absence of recognizable pelvic pathology, general medical disease, pregnancy. It is caused by hormonal imbalance and most commonly occurs during puberty and menopause.No abnormality detected on pelvic examination is suggestive of the diagnosis. Classification- On the basis of age= 1)Pubertal or adolescent DUB- usually women less than 20yrs, incidence-4% 2) Reproductive DUB-Seen in women from 20 to 40 yrs, incidence-57% 3) Perimenopausal DUB- women aged above 40yrs, incidence-39% 4) Postmenopausal DUB- incidence around 10% On the basis of patholog...