DSS Education

In adult female ,vagina is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.In newborn female,it is lined by transitional epithelium.squamous epithelium is resistant to gonococcal infection.Thus , gonococal vaginitis cannot occur in adult female. Vagina has local inhabitant bacteria called Doderlein's bacillus Which breaks down the glycogen present in vaginal epithelium into lactic acid resulting in acidic pH(4-5.5, average 4.5) of vagina.The acidic pH of vagina acts as a barrier for external organism and protect from infection. Physiological vaginal discharge..... Clear, white and flocculent odourless discharge. Smear contains epithelial cells, lactobacillus pH ranges from 3.8 to 4.2 pH increase with increased oestrogen States:in pregnancy,OCP,mid-cycle,PCOS or premenarchal If pH increase in primenopausal woman, investigation for other effects of excess oestrogen. This area is subject to both primary and secondary infection.Ascending infection can occur from the vagina and c

Millions of women suffer from PCOS due to hormones cause. It is a common cause for infertility in women. Male hormones testosterone causes hyperandrogenism in women with heaving PCOS. It is characterised by an abnormaly evevated serum concentrations of androgen. Cause....       PCOS is multifactorial and polygenic.      Excessive productions of androgen from ovaries.     The elevated androgen interfere with reproductive, endocrine and metabolic functions. Pathology....... Hyperinsulinemina is found which is associated with insulin resistance and increase. Insulin resistance=serum fasting blood sugar/serum fasting insulin<405. Clinical features...... Obesity Menstrual irregularities.. oligomenorrhea, amenorrhea or DUB Infertility Hirsutism Acne Physical finding present in women with PCOS....... Weight gain.. Android obesity assess of (waist:hip ratio >0.85). Hirsutism Virilisations Hyp

Contraception is a method or device used to prevent pregnancy due to coital act. Ideal contraception method should fulfil the following criteria widely acceptable, inexpensive and simple to use,safe, highly effective and requiring minimal motivation, maintenance and supervision.No one single Universally acceptable method has test been discovered. The most effective of birth control or sterilization by means of vasectomy in male and tubal location in females, IUDs,and implantable birth control. Fertility awareness is a method to plan or avoid a pregnancy by recognising the signs of fertility in menstrual cycle. It can be used to: 1) Understand the menstrual cycle 2)Plan a pregnancy 3)Avoid a pregnancy Every woman during child bearings age should;  Understand menstrual cycle  Check cervical mucus Take basal body temperature Recognising other signs of fertile phase. Tyeps of contraceptives method- 1)  Temporary 1)Natural methods- abstinence after fertil

Acute bacteria infection caused by gram-positive bacillus corynebacterium diphtheriae. Through the incidence of diphtheria has decreased remarkable following increase immunization, cause do occurs in unvaccinated children and adults who have lost their immunity. Etiopathogenesis-  The secretions and discharge from infected person or carrier are the main source of infection. The infection is transmitted by contact or via droplets of secretion. The portal of entry is commonly the respiratory tract. Incubation period- 2 to 5 days Clinical features- Acute with fever Malaise and headache The commonest from is faucil or tonsillopharyngeal diphtheria in which there is redness and swelling over the fauces. Cervical lymph nodes are enlarge leading to a bull neck appearance. Sore throat,dyshagia and muffled voice frequently present. In nasal diphtheria there is unilateral or bilateral serosangunineous discharge from the nose and excoria

It is second most common sexually transmitted infection. Causative organisms- Neisseria gonorrhoea (gram negative diplococcus bacteria). Incubation period- 3 to 7 day Incidence- Found mostly in young, between the ages of 15 to 24 years. Also be passed to the by a hand or other body part carrying infected fluids. Transmission- Through sex -oral,anal and vagina. Also be passed to passed to the eye by a hand or other body part carrying infected fluids. Symptoms- Initially asymptomatic,but latter symptoms like;; 1)Purulent vagina discharge. 2)A burning feeling when urinating. 3)Pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis. 4)Irregular periods. 5) Pain during intercourse. ok Specific symptoms- Sore throat. Pain, discharge,and bleeding from the anus. Redness, itching or discharge of the eyes. Pain,fever,chills, joint swelling and skin rash. Diagnosis- Culture by testing a urine sample... Gold standard. Gram staining. Nucleic acid amplification test (NAATs).

Causative organisms -. Mycobacterium tuberculosis or    Mycobacterium bovis. Gentile tuberculosis is almost always a secondary infection, spread hemaatogenously,and the infection become located in the ovarduct.subsequentaly the bacilli usually spread to the endometriom and less commonly to the ovaries.However, the oviduct are the primary and predominant site of pelvic tuberculosis.In fallopian tube most common affected part is ampulla and encountered pathology is endosalpingitis. Incidence-  Most common age groups is 20 to 30 years Most common symptoms is infertility. If patients conceive spontaneously, Ectopic pregnancy is the most likely outcome. Second most common site of involvement; uterus Tube -90-100% Uterus-50-60% Ovaries -20-30% Vagina and Vulva-1-2% Symptoms- Pyometra-pus-filled Uterine cavity. Menstrual irregularities    Oligomeorrhea,Amerorrhea    Menorrhagia Infertility Constitution symptoms Pelvic examination Normal pelvic examination T